In a break from the Army 2020 saga which has for quite some time now
been the main focus, i've wanted to work on some interesting new documents i've
found, to put some order in the current plans of the Royal Navy surface fleet
for the future, starting from the Type 26 design, which is maturing
quickly.
Type 26 frigate
“There will be no more destroyers or frigates.
There will be combat ships.”
The quote is from Cmdr. Ken Houlberg, Royal Navy who, until August 2012
, was the Capability Manager for Above Water Surface Combatants at the MOD. As such,
he was the man in charge of the ongoing plans to design and build the new Type
26 Global Combat Ship and, equally important, the developing plans for
the Type 23 Capability Sustainment Programme.
We have to keep in mind, after all, that the last Type 23 is only
expected to bow out of service in 2036: for many more years, the 23s will
continue to be a fundamental part of the fleet, and for well over a decade
they’ll serve alongside their successors.
Another point he made is also absolutely worth highlighting: “These
ships will be the spine of the Royal Navy. But they will be expendable. The day
we make our escorts so expensive that they become strategic assets is the day I
suggest we got it wrong.”
The Royal Navy is fully aware that the costs of the Type 26 frigate
program must be kept on a tight leash: there must be no escalation. Either they
are affordable, or the fleet will be in deep trouble.
The Royal Navy is trying to be considerably careful about what it asks
for. It has been very openly admitted that, if 80% of the Type 45 destroyer was
about innovation and revolution for the fleet, the Type 26 will be 80% about
careful evolution of capabilities already available. The expectation is that
several important elements of the ship’s equipment will cross-deck from Type 23
frigates decommissioning, in fact.
There have been doubts and disappointments voiced over this approach,
and the validity of the whole Type 26 has been contested by some commentators,
but personally I believe this is actually a completely valid approach. Besides,
the emerging Type 26 frigate promises to deliver major improvements and great
capability despite the relative “conservative” design philosophy.
Commander Houlberg, speaking
in October 2012, shared some details on the MOD-endorsed Type 26 design: no
shocking revelation, but several welcome confirmations of data you’ve already
had the chance to read on this blog.
First of all, the Mission Deck, which originally was to be located in
the stern but actually moved upwards, to Deck 1, adjacent to the helicopter
hangar. Despite the move, Houlberg confirms that it remains a large
reconfigurable space, with an available volume for 11.5 TEU containers and/or
boats (up to four 11.5 meter boats) and unmanned surface and sub-surface
vehicles. This confirms data which is also reported on the BAE Global Combat
Ship website, but which appeared doubtful and possibly outdated. Now we know
that it is not the case: the Mission Bay remains as part of the design, and
continues to offer considerable amounts of useful space for the embarkation of
mission modules of all kinds, such as a containerized field hospital or
accommodation modules for an additional 84 troops, or command and control
facilities. Crucially, this space will be available to carry air, surface and
underwater unmanned vehicles which, in a future not too far, could be an
absolutely crucial component of the ship’s combat system.
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| The above image, courtesy of http://navy-matters.beedall.com/, shows a now old Thales concept of reconfigurable hangar and Mission Space, which was proposed for the Future Surface Combatant, now Type 26 Global Combat Ship. The image is still relevant, as it helps giving an idea of what the current hangar + mission bay arrangement could be like. |
We do not yet have a map or graphic representation of the current
Mission Bay layout. I’ve made a guess already some time ago, but I hope we will
be given some official indication in the future.
The move from stern to Deck 1 is reportedly due to several factors: the
need for a wide, spacious mission bay conflicted with other requirements that
the Royal Navy prioritized. Above all, acoustic quietness of the hull design,
which has been the most pressing requirement all along. In addition, the free
head available in the stern area was going to be very limited, and the low
freeboard needed for boat operations via stern ramp was in conflict with
stringent damage control requirements.
Last, but not least, the stern boat ramp and mission space conflicted
with the installation of the towed torpedo decoy and of the 2087 towed sonar,
introducing some serious challenges.
The move to Deck 1, on the other hand, implies boat operations will be
more complex than they would have been with a ramp available in the stern. The
decision was nonetheless made to go ahead with the move, meeting the challenges
of boat launch and recovery with two motion-stabilized davits, port and
starboard.
Houlberg is confident that the Type 26, also thanks to such free,
mission-reconfigurable space, will be future-proof, and able to eventual employ
railguns and direct energy weapons such as lasers. In the shorter term, the
ships are expected to have 48 CAMM missiles in bespoke vertical launch cells,
plus up to 24 large missiles including potentially a mix of anti-submarine,
anti-ship and land attack weapons. These will be carried in 24 “Strike Length”
cells, readily available for use with the Tomahawk and with a future Harpoon
replacement. There will be two Magazine Torpedo Launcher Systems, as on the
Type 23s, and the ship is planned to do away with the MK8 Mod 1 medium gun, to
take aboard a modern, powerful 127 mm gun instead, which will also have the
advantage of commonality with most allied navies, from US to Italy. The ship
will have the capacity to embark a couple of CIWS systems for self defence, and
it will also carry a couple of light guns for surface defence, plus a couple of
miniguns and four GPMGs.
 |
| This NavyRecognition photo shows the BAE Systems Type 26 model as showcased at Euronaval last year. I've evidenced the main features of the weapon system. |
The type of VLS system is not yet decided, by BAE confirmed
last January that the Type 26 is designed to be fitted with either the MK41
Strike Length or with the equivalent Sylver A70 cells.
The “RN Type 26 design” exploits the Cold Launch feature of the CAMM
missile to locate 24 missile cells in the funnel mast, but this arrangement is
not available for use with conventional, Hot Launch missiles due to risks and
problems connected to heat and exhausts. Customers, however, which were to buy
the Type 26 but require a different air defence weapon, could be given other
options, such as different, large array of cells on the bow, or perhaps even a
second missile silo in the space that the british variant uses for the Mission
Bay.
BAE Systems is offering potential customers a variety of solutions,
including a different, integrated mast with AEGIS-type radar aerials.
Discussions on Type 26 collaboration have been started with a variety of
possible customers including Canada and Turkey, but the most interested are
Brazil and Australia. BAE has recently confirmed that a number of Brazilian
engineers are involved in the over 300-strong team working on refining and
finalizing the Type 26 design, while the UK and Australia have signed defence
collaboration deals which include quite a focus on the possibility of walking
together down the Global Combat Ship route.
The main gun is set to be either the BAE/United Defense 127/62 MK45 Mod
4 or the Oto Melara 127/64 Lightweight. The first gun has the backing of BAE
Systems and is the latest variant of the standard US Navy gun, while the second
is possibly the most advanced medium gun in the world and is in use or has been
selected for future use by Italy, Germany and others. France is also interested
in eventually acquiring the 127/64 LW for at least some of its FREMM frigates,
after the experience in Libya in 2011 suggested that the 76mm gun is not really
sufficient for what is going to be the main surface combatant in the future
fleet.
Oto Melara is bullish on the possibility of achieving an historic win in
the UK with the 127/64, and they have chosen an important british partner to
work with: Babcock.
Routinely, the ships will embark either a Merlin or a Wildcat
helicopter, plus, it is expected, at least one unmanned aerial vehicle, probably
rotary wing. It is quite likely that the hangar, like that of the Type 45, will
have actually have room for a couple of Wildcats.
The crew will number just 118, thanks to greater automation, but there
will be accommodation for 190, leaving space for 72 more personnel. These will
be “Capability Teams” of specialists operating in the most diverse roles: it
could include anything from Royal Marines to Helicopter Flights to operators of
unmanned vehicles and other capability modules.
The ship in addition will have an unprecedented logistic autonomy of 60
days, giving her roughly twice the endurance of a the Type 23’s.
The Type 26 for the Royal Navy will be built with a CODLOG propulsion
arrangement, expected to combine a single gas turbine and four high speed
diesel electric engines connected to two electric motors. Rolls Royce confirms
It has been contacted, and will make its bid: it is widely expected that its
latest “lightweight” MT30 gas turbine will be selected for the Type 26.
Wärtsilä is the favorite for the contract for the supply of the diesels,
but the main factor in the choice is to be, again, the ability to run quietly,
as the Type 26 will do its ASW work on diesel propulsion. Converteam is
very likely to provide the electric motors.
The Type 26 aims to have the capability to cruise at up to 18 knots with
diesel-electric propulsion, and there is a requirement to sprint to speeds
above 28 knots using the gas turbine in direct drive.
It remains intended that 13 Type 26 ships will be built, with 8
configured for ASW missions and 5 as “General Purpose” vessels. The hulls will
be the same, but the GP won’t be fitted with the towed sonar 2087 and other
expensive ASW kit.
This already happens with the Type 23 fleet, with only 8 ships having
been fitted with the advanced 2087 towed sonar.
The first Type 26 should enter service in 2021, and afterwards the
building rhythm would be of one ship per year, until all Type 23s are replaced.
By the end of this year, the team working on the Type 26 design is expected to
grow beyond 400, active in Portsmouth, Filton and Scotstoun.
Surface Fleet programs in the Core Budget
An October
2012 presentation from DE&S contains very important information about
the Surface Fleet programs featured in the Core budget. As we know, the
document released to Parliament about the 10 Years Equipment Programme was
extremely poor of details and basically named no programs other than the big
ones already contracted for. Practically nothing was said about the large
number of smaller programs that sit both in the Committed and in the
Uncommitted Core Budget.
It must be remembered, in fact, that only a part of the Core Budget is
already contractually committed. Around one half of the Core Budget is
currently “uncommitted”: planned to be used for programs that still haven’t
reached the point of contract signature. In the early years, up to 80% of the
core budget is already contractually bound, but the balance changes rapidly: by
2015, it is roughly a 50:50 balance between committed and uncommitted, and
towards the 2020s the balance is 20:80. This excludes the famous 8 billion
“headroom”, planned to be available mostly after 2016/17.
 |
| The 10 year Equipment Budget |
For the Surface Fleet, the core budget for the next 10 years is as
follows:
 |
| 10 year Core Uncommitted budget for warships |
KIC stands for Key Industrial Capability. These KIC points are agreed
levels of national shipbuilding capability that have to be preserved under the
terms of the Terms of Business Agreement (TOBA) signed by the MOD with
industry. The contract workings are complex to explain, but there are agreed
levels of work that the MOD must ensure for the restructured national
shipbuilding industry, otherwise a KIC threshold is broken and the MOD is
forced to pay to preserve capability.
RT997 is the new Type 997 radar, more commonly known as Artisan 3D. It
is due to become the new standard 3D radar for the fleet, and it will be
present on the Queen Elizabeth-class carriers as well as on Type 23, LPDs, HMS
Ocean and Type 26.
Do not be scared by the absence of CAMM/Sea Ceptor from the list, as its
costs are part of another budget voice, the "Complex Weapons"
one.
The list of programs relative to warships includes:
Future Inshore Patrol Capability: this program, which from the graphic
seems to benefit from a quite large budget (although exact values aren’t
disclosed), is connected to the P2000 patrol boats. It might be a replacement
for them, or, perhaps more likely, a program of improvements to their capability.
The fitting of armor, better weapon mounts and other improvements to HMS
Tracker and HMS Raider, which have been removed from University taskings
and assigned to Force Protection duties might have more than a little something
to do with this budget voice.
 |
| HMS Raider and HMS Tracker have been removed from University duties and upgraded to better serve in the Force Protection role. |
It is not clear if there is any link
between this program and the Royal Marines’s requirement for a new, deployable
Force Protection Craft.
Surface Combatant Common Core Combat System
(SC4S): a Royal
Navy effort to evolve combat systems in service across the fleet to build
around a common core. Commonality will drive costs down and simplify adoption
of fleet-wide improvements and additional capability modules. HMS Ocean, in her
currently ongoing refit, will be the first vessel in the fleet to receive a
Shared Computing and Network Infrastructure which will be progressively rolled out
on the other vessels as well, with the LPDs to follow, before the escorts.
Naval Mode S Interrogators: continued roll out of the
Successor IFF technology, with passage from the MK XII (first rolled out in
2003) to the latest MK XIIA Mode 5.
New Navigation Radar (NASAR: NAvigation and Situational Awareness Radar): this
program is about the replacement of the aging Type 1007 navigation radar. A
competition for the NASAR requirement was started as far back as 2009, with the
aim of putting the new radar in service from 2012. Delays followed, and in a
2011 debate in the House of Commons it was disclosed that the ISD is now
indicated in 2016.
NASAR’s objective is to select a Type 1007
replacement to be used across the whole RN and RFA fleets.
The contenders are the Kelvin Hugher SharpEye
and the Ultra SCANTER 6000. The SharpEye has been selected for use on the new
MARS Fleet Tankers, with each ship set consisting of three such radars. This
suggests that the Royal Navy has chosen. Unless they have abandoned the
proposition of using a single type of navigation radar for the whole fleet, we
should be seeing more orders placed in the coming years, starting with ship
sets for the new aircraft carriers.
Future Maritime Radar Electronic Surveillance
(FMRES): fleet-wide
adoption of the latest fully digital Thales Radar Electronic
Support Measures (RESM) already being fitted to the Type 45 destroyers.
There is a series of research and development
programs for improved Force Protection of warships against ASW and ASUW
threats, from swimmers to fast attack crafts.
Maritime Integrated Defensive Aids Suite (MIDAS): this most interesting, complex
programme includes multiple activities and objectives. A variety of new RF and
IR decoys is to be developed, and there is also a requirement for protection
against laser guided weapons.
The current fixed, six-barrel decoy launchers
would also be replaced with a new generation launcher. This specific
requirement should be known as DAS-SS. The
contenders include the Rheinmetall Multi Ammunition Softkill System (MASS) and
the Chemring CENTURION trainable launcher. The CENTURION appears in the slide,
but the image does not automatically mean a selection has been made already.
For sure, the Royal Navy is genuinely interested, and officers will be present
at trials of the system planned for later this year. Chemring also firmly
believes that the Royal Navy will eventually buy in: the CENTURION’s website is
full of images of Type 45s and RN vessels.
The CENTURION is a stealthy, fully trainable turret launcher
with 12 independently aimed launcher tubes capable to fire all existing 130mm
decoy rounds, and larger ones as well. It can be loaded with multiple different
types of decoy at the same time, and its main advantage is its ability to
deliver accurate payload placement to maximise decoy effectiveness, regardless
of the ship’s position.
Recently Chemring has signed a deal with
Raytheon to work on a weaponized variant of Centurion, which will be able to
fire not just decoys, but missiles for the defence of the platform, mainly from
Fast Inshore Attack Crafts (FIACs). Missiles proposed include the Javelin, the
Griffin and even the TOW.
Almost certainly part of, or directly related
to MIDAS is also the ACCOLADE
technology demonstration programme, a joint UK/France effort for the
development of a new, active Radar Frequency decoy. The contract dates back to
February 2011 and has a value of 14,4 million pounds. Field and sea trials
should happen in the coming months, before the demonstration concludes, by May
2014.
Other programs and researches connected to
MIDAS aren’t publicized. Some high level research is obviously classified, as the
Royal Navy places huge faith and importance in the Soft Kill technology,
mindful of the fact that, as of December 2012, from 1967 there have been 241
anti-ship missile attacks in the world. Of these, 128 have been defeated by the
ships’ defences, with 127 ASMs tricked by decoys and Soft Kill technology and
only one stopped by interception (the Silkworm missile shot down by HMS
Gloucester in 1991 during operations in Iraq).
One such research has been revealed recently,
unfortunately because the MOD has been unable to continue funding it and has
authorized Thales UK to seek new partners willing the fund the next phase among
a list of allied countries.
The self-defence system that was to come out of
this development program sounds very capable and very promising, but it also
sounds like it realistically requires quite a lot of funding to reach maturity
and be completed.
The system is
described as a meter-high laser turret capable to employ up to four or five
lasers in different wavebands. The lasers can be used to dazzle or destroy the
electro-optic seeker on incoming anti-ship missiles; engage sensors on the
enemy platforms firing the missiles, and even act as a non-lethal defence in
asymmetric scenarios, dazzling people with an eye-safe laser.
The DefenseNews article seem to suggest that
MIDAS has been shelved as a whole, but I doubt this is correct. Although new
cuts have been announced for the MOD in the budget 2013, they are not expected
to bite into the core equipment programme. So, at least for now, it is more
likely that MIDAS has entered a new phase (perhaps changing name to another
impossible acronym, since the MOD loves doing that) and has selected just a few
developments to fund, being unable to ensure money for those at a lower
maturity level, such as this laser countermeasure. Hopefully, Thales UK will be
able to bring other partners on board, to continue development of this very
interesting system, which has, in my opinion, great potential. The MOD would
then be able to buy the finished product later on, saving money.
The Automatic
Identification System (Warship Automatic Identification System W-AIS) is a
situational awareness tool which is being installed on all ships of the Royal
Navy. It overlay AIS
contact data onto Warship
Electronic Chart Display Information System (WECDIS). WEDCIS
is introducing advanced digital navigation on Royal Navy vessels, including
submarines.
Future Maritime Fires System: this program’s main result is the
choice to adopt a new
Medium Gun starting with the Type 26 frigate. A 127mm standard NATO gun
will replace the MK8 Mod 1.
Other offensive weapon capabilities have been
studied and are considered, including “deep”
integration of the Fire Shadow loitering ammunition for launch from the
Vertical Cells of Type 45 and, in future, of the Type 26.
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| Fire Shadow at sea |
FIAC Target (also FIAC RT, Fast
Inshore Attack Craft Realistic Target): purchase of training solutions meant to prepare
for defence against swarm attacks carried out by small, fast boats, including
suicide crafts. This includes purchase of unmanned
target boats.
Type 23 Capability Sustainment Programme: covered further down in this
article, it is a program of upgrades meant to keep the Type 23 relevant all the
way to exit from active service, in the 2030s.
Maritime Composite Training System: the MCTS
is expected to become a more and more important and effective way to train
crews on land, using advanced simulations to save money.
GWS60 Harpoon Sustainment Programme: the graphic shows that a lot of
money is expected to go into sustaining the Harpoon missile to its OSD. It will
be interesting to see what choices are made in this area, and what missile will
eventually replace the old Harpoon. The Type 26 is, in fact, expected to employ
a Vertical Launch weapon: among candidates that have the RN’s eye there is also
the Tomahawk IV “MultiMission Tomahawk MMT”, a US-backed development of the
cruise missile to make it capable to engage ships in complex scenarios,
including in the littoral.
There is also a joint study with France going
on for a future cruise and anti-ship missile, with the MBDA Perseus concept
being a first indication of what the general thinking is.
Maritime Engineering Development Programme
(MEDP): research
and development activities covering all aspects of marine engineering
technology, including advancements in All Electric Warship configurations,
integrated waste management, upper deck systems, fire-fighting devices, roll
stabilization etcetera.
Minewarfare and Hydrographic Patrol Capability:
a bit budget is
reserved for activities relating to the development of unmanned vehicles for
hydrographic and MCM tasks, which will initially be employed on current
minesweepers and survey vessels.
Eventually, the MHPC will also deliver a new,
multi-purpose ship design to replace the minesweepers and, in time, survey
ships Echo and Enterprise. Current indications are for a 2-3000 tons patrol
vessel with global range, light armament and the capability to carry the
unmanned vehicles needed for stand-off mine clearance and hydrographic survey.
UK Cooperative Engagement Capability
(UKCEC): in early
2012 the Royal Navy had hoped to get the go ahead to fit CEC to the Type 45
destroyers, but the request was
turned down. There was no money available for the program in the Planning
Round, and the news was widely spread over the internet.
However, the graphic, which dates October 2012,
confirms that CEC isn’t gone. It is planned to get greater funding from the
fourth of the 10 years of the Equipment plan. This sudden increase might
indicate fitting of the system to the Type 45s, and the level of spending,
which remains high all the way to 2022 (the 10th year), hopefully
means that CEC will find its way on the Type 26 as well.
Small Boats: the money allocated to RHIBs and other boats
in service with the Navy (and Marines?)
Type 23 Capability Sustainment Programme
As we have started to see, quite a lot of
capabilities of the Type 26 will come from the modernized Type 23s, which will,
in this way, also act as testing beds to refine systems and concepts for their
successor.
It is expected that the Type 26 will inherit:
·
The Stingray anti-submarine torpedoes, and very possibly the tubes and launcher
systems whole
·
The ARTISAN 3D radar (Type 997 for the Royal Navy), with the first having been
fit on HMS Iron Duke during her latest refit.
·
The FLAADS(M) Sea Ceptor system with its CAMM missiles. FLAADS stands for
Future Local Area Air Defence System (Maritime). It is planned to start
replacing the old Sea Wolf on the Type 23s from 2016.
·
The towed sonar 2087, with the eight set having been installed recently on the
8th Type 23 (HMS Portland,
Westminster, Northumberland, Richmond, Somerset, Sutherland, Kent, St Albans)
·
Possibly the 30mm guns
In addition, the Royal Navy is working to
develop a Common Combat System, with applications across the whole fleet. This
evolutionary approach will eventually lead all the way up to the Type 26’s own
system.
CAAM missiles will represent a dramatic
improvement from the current Sea Wolf system. Fully fire and forget, faster and
more agile, the CAAM has a greater useful range (in excess of 25 km,
approaching that of the much more expensive Aster 15) and promises to have an anti-surface attack capability as well, with the
capability to engage even Fast Attack Crafts.
MBDA shows on its website a video explaining the future refit that will be
carried out on the Type 23 warships to move from Sea Wolf to the new system.
The current 32 Sea Wolf tubes will be removed and replaced by just 12 cells,
arranged in two rows of six, on the Port side of the existing silo. Each of the
six cells will contain a quad-pack of CAMM missiles, giving a total of up to 48
weapons embarked. The cells are not Sylver VLS systems, but a much simpler
installation enabled by the Cold Launch feature of the new missile.
The starboard half of the current missile silo
will become available for other uses, freeing up invaluable space in a ship
type that is inexorably approaching the end of its growth margin. The CAMM
installation also enables the removal of the two Sea Wolf radar illuminators
and of their bulky under-deck equipment, replacing them with much smaller
secure Data Link antennas. The all-weather canisters used by the CAMM missile
on the frigates are the same that will be used for use on the truck-mounted
launcher intended to replace Rapier in the Army, maximizing commonality.
It is a real bargain: more missiles, more
capable, AND precious free space suddenly available for other uses. Without the
large mass of the Type 911 Sea Wolf radars, it will even be possible to fit
Phalanx CIWS systems on top of the bridge superstructure, and/or on top of the
hangar. It won’t necessarily happen, but there will be finally space to make it
possible.
But there is even more. Much of what will
appear in the coming years on the Type 23s will then be part of the equipment
with which the Type 26 begin their service life. The T23 CSP is part of the
Royal Navy Core Budget, funded as part of the 10 year plan. However, most of
the T23 CSP components currently sit in the Uncommitted portion of the core
budget, as contracts haven’t yet been physically signed.
So, what further improvements are planned for the Type 23s?
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| In the red circle, one of the two Type 911 Sea Wolf radar directors. Their removal will free up valuable space. In the blue circle, the GSA.8 sensor turret, that the Navy hopes to replace soon. |
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| The ULTRA Series 2500 EO/IR turret is the likely preferred option, having already been selected for the Type 45s. |
The GSA.8 was also used on the Type 22 B3 (two
turrets on each ship). The Type 45s entered service with the much more modern
and capable ULTRA Series 2500 Naval EO turret. Two turrets are installed, and
they are very easily spotted looking at a photo of the destroyer. A single
Series 2500 turret could be fitted to the Type 23s to replace the GSA.8, but so
far there has not been a contract award.
DAS-SS: the Type 23 is expected to get the new decoy
launcher and, of course, the decoys that will emerge from the various
MIDAS-related work streams.
The Type 23s can also expect communications
improvements, including Data Link 22, which will in the coming years
progressively replace the Data Link 11, introducing Beyond Line of Sight
capability that DL11 does not offer.
MEWSS/UAT spiral development will roll in progressive
improvements to the Electronic Warfare Support Systems, and under Future Maritime
Radar Electronic Surveillance (FMRES) the ships will be fitted with the
latest fully digital Radar Electronic
Support Measures (RESM) already being fitted to the Type 45 destroyers.
And, of course, the Type 23 will indirectly
benefit from improvements to the helicopter fleet: the Merlin HM2 with its
vastly greater capabilities, the new Wildcat, and, in good time, the new
weaponry, from the M3M heavy machine gun to the Future Anti Surface
Guided Weapon (FASGW), both Heavy (Sea Skua
replacement) and Light
(Thales LMM missile, introducing a new capability, particularly effective
against small surface targets).
As we know there is also a Maritime
UAV requirement, to be met via UOR, that should, in the coming months,
deliver a contractor-owned, contractor-operated unmanned aircraft system. A
first Task Line is wanted for a “RFA vessel” which is undoubtedly the Bay-class
LSD based in the Gulf, but a second Task Line is wanted for the Type 23
frigates.
Already in 2006, the Royal Navy trialed Scan
Eagle aboard, and demonstrated full level 5 control of the UAV from the ship.
Don’t write the Type 23s off yet, their best
days are yet to come.
